Identifying and verifying Huntington's disease subtypes: Clinical features, neuroimaging, and cytokine changes.

AIMS: Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Identifying distinct clinical clusters and their relevant biomarkers could elucidate the underlying disease pathophysiology. METHODS: Following the Enroll-HD program initiated in 2018.09, we have recruited 104 HD patients (including 21 premanifest) and 31 health controls at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Principal components analysis and k-means cluster analysis were performed to determine HD clusters. Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and covariance were used to identify features among these clusters. Furthermore, plasma cytokines levels and brain structural imaging were used as biomarkers to delineate the clinical features of each cluster. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified. Cluster 1 demonstrated the most severe motor and nonmotor symptoms except for chorea, the lowest whole brain volume, the plasma levels of IL-2 were higher and significantly associated with cluster 1. Cluster 2 was characterized with the most severe chorea and the largest pallidum volume. Cluster 3 had the most benign motor symptoms but moderate psychiatric problems. CONCLUSION: We have identified three HD clusters via clinical manifestations with distinct biomarkers. Our data shed light on better understanding about the pathophysiology of HD.

Clinical and genetic features of a case with juvenile onset sandhoff disease.

BACKGROUND: Sandhoff disease (SD) is a rare neurological disease with high clinical heterogeneity. SD in juvenile form is much rarer and it is often misdiagnosed in clinics. Therein, it is necessary to provide more cases and review the literature on juvenile onset SD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 14 years-old boy with eight years of walking difficulties, and was ever misdiagnosed as spinocerebellar ataxia. We found this patient after genetic testing carried rs201580118 and a novel gross deletion in HEXB (g.74012742_74052694del). Through review the literature, we found that was the first gross deletion identified at the 3'end of HEXB, associated with juvenile onset SD from China. CONCLUSION: This case expanded our knowledge about the genotype and phenotype correlations in SD. Comprehensive genetic testing is important for the diagnosis of unexplained ataxia.

Neuropathological report of propionic acidemia.

Propionic acidemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive inheritable metabolic disease caused by mutations in the propionyl CoA carboxylase gene (PCC) that affects multiple systems of the human body. Here, we report neuropathological findings of a PA patient. The patient was a male infant who presented with increasing lethargy and poor feeding from four days postpartum. He gradually became comatose and died from complications after liver transplantation at three months old. The results of laboratory examination were consistent with PA, and genetic analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations in the gene for PCC subunit beta: c.838dupC (rs769968548) and c.1127G>T (rs142982097). Brain-restricted autopsy was performed 23 h after his death, and the neuropathological examination revealed distinct astrocytosis, oligodendrocytic loss, neuronal loss, and demyelination across the brainstem, motor cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Spongiosis, vacuolization, and the appearance of Alzheimer type II astrocytes and activated microglia were observed as well. This is the first brain autopsy report of PA with a clear genetic cause.

Non-motor symptoms in multiple system atrophy: A comparative study with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.

Background: Non-motor symptoms (NMS) are compulsory clinical features for the clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA), some of which precede motor symptoms onset. To date, few studies have systematically investigated NMS in MSA and the timing of presenting NMS as the disease progresses. Clinically, MSA is difficult to be differentiated from Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and the differences in NMS between MSA and PD/PSP remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the burden of NMS between MSA and PD/PSP and to delineate the timing of NMS presentation relative to the onset of motor symptoms in MSA. Methods: A total of 61, 87, and 30 patients with MSA, PD, and PSP, respectively, were enrolled in this study. NMS was systematically assessed in all patients using the NMS scale (NMSS), and the onset of NMS relative to the onset of motor symptoms in MSA was investigated. Results: MSA group had higher total NMSS scores (82.15 ± 46.10) than the PD (36.14 ± 30.78) and PSP (50.30 ± 55.05) groups (p < 0.001 overall). The number distribution pattern of the NMS was significantly different among the three parkinsonian disorders (p < 0.001 overall). In total, 85.2% of patients with MSA had more than 10 NMS, which was significantly higher than PD (28.7%) and PSP (33.3%). The frequency and scores of many NMSS subdomains and symptoms were higher in MSA than in PD and PSP (all p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with fainting, lack of motivation, swallowing, and loss of sexual interest could be attributed to MSA rather than PD or PSP, while patients with loss of concentration and forgetfulness were characteristic features of PD or PSP rather than MSA. REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, problems having sex, and loss of sexual interest preceded the motor symptoms onset of MSA by 2.81 ± 4.51, 1.54 ± 6.32, 1.35 ± 4.70, and 0.45 ± 3.61 years, respectively. Conclusion: The NMS spectrum in MSA differs from that of PD and PSP. Patients with MSA have a higher NMS burden than patients with PD or PSP. RBD, constipation, problems having sex, and loss of sexual interest may become early diagnostic clinical markers of MSA.